By Vahid Alaghehband
This guide organizes English grammar by level of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). At A1 you have the present simple and the present continuous; at A2, the past simple, going to and will, comparatives, the present perfect, the past continuous and used to; at B1, conditionals and the passive voice. Each topic has an explanation, original examples, a short conversation and 10 exercises with answers.
Each topic's level comes from the Vozi Grammar catalog, which splits each level into two sublevels (for example, A2.1 and A2.2). If you don't know your level yet, see the CEFR levels from A1 to C2.
Guides by level
A1 level
- Present simple A1.2 — routines, habits and general facts.
- Present continuous A1.2 — what is happening now, temporary situations and arranged plans.
A2 level
- Present perfect A2.2 — experiences with no specific time and situations that started in the past and continue.
- Past continuous A2.2 — actions in progress at a past moment.
- Going to vs will A2.1 — plans, predictions and decisions about the future.
- Past simple A2.1 — finished past actions, with the most common irregular verbs.
- Comparatives and superlatives A2.1 — comparing two things and saying which one is the most in a group.
- Used to A2.2 — past habits and states that are no longer true.
B1 level
- Conditionals A2.2–B1.2 — zero, first, second and third conditionals (from A2.2).
- Passive voice B1.1 — putting the focus on what receives the action.
Quick guides from the blog
- Verb to be A1.1 — am, is, are with 30 example sentences.
- There is and there are A1.1 — how to say something exists, singular and plural.
- Was or were A1.2 — the past of the verb to be.
- Do or does A1.2 — questions and negatives in the present simple.
- In, on, at A2.1 — prepositions of time and place.
- Irregular verbs A2.1 — list of 65 verbs with past and past participle.
- Verb tenses — chart of the 12 tenses with structure and examples.
Summary: the 10 topics and what they get confused with
| Topic | Level | Often confused with |
|---|---|---|
| Present perfect | A2.2 | Past simple |
| Past continuous | A2.2 | Past simple |
| Going to vs will | A2.1 | Present continuous for the future |
| Present simple | A1.2 | Present continuous |
| Present continuous | A1.2 | Present simple |
| Past simple | A2.1 | Present perfect |
| Comparatives and superlatives | A2.1 | Comparative vs superlative; as … as |
| Conditionals | A2.2–B1.2 | First vs second conditional |
| Passive voice | B1.1 | Active voice |
| Used to | A2.2 | Be used to and would |
Vozi Grammar practice topics by level
These are the grammar objectives in the Vozi Grammar catalog at each level, from A1 to C2. Levels and sublevels are those of the Vozi Grammar catalog. The ones with a guide on this page are listed above and in bold; the rest can be practiced in the app.
A1 · 18 objectives
- Be: identity and state A1.1
- Subject pronouns A1.1
- Possessive adjectives A1.1
- Articles and plurals A1.1
- This, that, these, those A1.1
- There is / there are A1.1
- Have / has A1.1
- Can / can't A1.1
- Present simple A1.2
- Frequency adverbs A1.2
- Object pronouns A1.2
- Some / any A1.2
- Much / many A1.2
- Present continuous A1.2
- Present simple vs continuous A1.2
- Was / were A1.2
- Imperatives for instructions A1.2
- Like, love and hate + -ing A1.2
A2 · 19 objectives
- Past simple A2.1
- Irregular past verbs A2.1
- Be going to A2.1
- Will: predictions and offers A2.1
- Comparatives A2.1
- Superlatives A2.1
- Should, must, have to A2.1
- Question forms A2.1
- Prepositions of place and time A2.1
- Past continuous A2.2
- Past simple vs continuous A2.2
- Present perfect with ever / never A2.2
- Present perfect vs past simple A2.2
- First conditional A2.2
- Basic relative clauses A2.2
- May, might, could A2.2
- Too / enough A2.2
- Used to for past habits A2.2
- Polite indirect questions A2.2
B1 · 22 objectives
- Present perfect: result and unfinished time B1.1
- Narrative tenses B1.1
- First vs second conditional B1.1
- Modals for advice, obligation and deduction B1.1
- Gerunds and infinitives B1.1
- Defining relative clauses B1.1
- Basic passive B1.1
- Reported statements B1.1
- Past perfect B1.1
- Question tags B1.1
- Present perfect continuous B1.2
- Second conditional and third conditional introduction B1.2
- Non-defining relative clauses B1.2
- Passive across tenses B1.2
- Reported questions and requests B1.2
- Modal perfect introduction B1.2
- Have / get something done B1.2
- Discourse organization B1.2
- Past perfect continuous B1.2
- Future perfect B1.2
- Future continuous B1.2
- Be used to and get used to B1.2
B2 · 24 objectives
- Mixed narrative tenses B2.1
- Advanced conditionals B2.1
- Modal deduction B2.1
- Modal perfect (B2 extension) B2.1
- Advanced passive and causative B2.1
- Reporting verbs B2.1
- Reduced relative clauses B2.1
- Wish / if only B2.1
- Advanced article choices B2.1
- Advanced comparison structures B2.1
- Unreal past B2.1
- Mandative subjunctive B2.1
- Mixed conditionals B2.2
- Advanced reporting structures B2.2
- Passive reporting B2.2
- Inversion for emphasis B2.2
- Cleft sentences B2.2
- Advanced modality and hedging B2.2
- Participle clauses B2.2
- Ellipsis, substitution and cohesion B2.2
- Conditional alternatives B2.2
- Emphatic do B2.2
- Complex noun phrases B2.2
- Apposition B2.2
C1 · 18 objectives
- Nominalisation for formal discourse C1.1
- Reduced relative clauses (C1 extension) C1.1
- Inversion after negative adverbials C1.1
- Cleft sentences for focus (C1 extension) C1.1
- Participle clauses for connection (C1 extension) C1.1
- Modal verbs for nuanced stance C1.1
- Advanced reporting passives (C1 extension) C1.1
- Cohesive reference across sentences C1.1
- Academic concession frames C1.1
- Hedging claims C1.2
- Stance adverbials C1.2
- Ellipsis and substitution (C1 extension) C1.2
- Advanced narrative time shifts C1.2
- Verb patterns and meaning shifts C1.2
- Concessive clauses C1.2
- Inverted conditionals C1.2
- Grammar choices across registers C1.2
- Spoken discourse markers C1.2
C2 · 19 objectives
- Fronting for rhetorical focus C2.1
- Stylistic inversion in narrative C2.1
- Given and new information structure C2.1
- Syntactic compression C2.1
- Structural ambiguity control C2.1
- Parallel grammatical patterns C2.1
- Parenthetical stance C2.1
- Layered emphasis without redundancy C2.1
- Absolute clauses C2.1
- Professional attribution grammar C2.1
- Fine register calibration C2.2
- Sentence rhythm and periodic structure C2.2
- Grammatical economy C2.2
- Grammatical framing for ironic distance C2.2
- Controlled viewpoint shifts C2.2
- Clause layering with transparent logic C2.2
- Precision in modal remoteness C2.2
- Rhetorical reformulation C2.2
- Legal and business caution C2.2
How to practice grammar so you can use it when you speak
- Understand the form: read the structure and the examples in the guide.
- Check it: do the 10 exercises without looking at the answers, then correct them.
- Use it in context: read the short conversation aloud and write three sentences of your own.
- Take it into a conversation: grammar sticks when you need it to say something real, so practice it by speaking, not only with written exercises.
To see why understanding a rule isn't enough to use it, read about Krashen's input hypothesis and why understanding English isn't enough to speak it.